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Macedonian Wars
The Macedonian Wars were a series of conflicts fought by the Roman Republic and its Greek allies in the eastern Mediterranean against several different major Greek kingdoms. They resulted in Roman control or influence over the eastern Mediterranean basin, in addition to their hegemony in the western Mediterranean after the Punic wars. Traditionally, the "Macedonian Wars" include the four wars with Macedonia, in addition to one war with the Seleucid Empire, and a final minor war with the Achaean League (which is often considered to be the final stage of the final Macedonian war). The most significant war was that fought with the Seleucid Empire, while the war with Macedonia was the second, and both of these wars effectively marked the end of these empires as major world powers, even though neither of them led immediately to overt Roman domination.〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Greek East". p61〕 Four separate wars were fought against the weaker power, Macedonia, due to its geographic proximity to Rome, though the last two of these wars were against haphazard insurrections rather than powerful armies.〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Greek East". p62〕 Roman influence gradually dissolved Macedonian independence and digested it into what was becoming a leading global empire. The outcome of the war with the now-deteriorating Seleucid Empire was ultimately fatal to it as well, though the growing influence of Parthia and Pontus prevented any additional conflicts between it and Rome.〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Greek East". p62〕
From the close of the Macedonian Wars until the early Roman Empire, the eastern Mediterranean remained an ever shifting network of polities with varying levels of independence from, dependence on, or outright military control by, Rome.〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Greek East". p78〕 According to Polybius,〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Greek East". p12〕 who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century, Rome's wars with Greece were set in motion after several Greek city-states sought Roman protection against the Macedonian Kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of a destabilizing situation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt.〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Greek East". p40〕 In contrast to the west, the Greek east had been dominated by major empires for centuries, and Roman influence and alliance-seeking led to wars with these empires that further weakened them and therefore created an unstable power vacuum that only Rome was capable of pacifying.〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Greek East". p45〕 This had some important similarities (and some important differences) to what had occurred in Italy centuries earlier, but was this time on a global scale. Historians〔Goldsworthy, ''In the Name of Rome'', p. 36〕 see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, not as a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on accomplishing short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies.〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Greek East". p38〕 With some major exceptions of outright military rule (such as parts of mainland Greece), the eastern Mediterranean world remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms (with varying degrees of independence, both ''de jure'' and ''de facto'') until it transitioned into the Roman Empire.〔Madden, Thomas. "Empires of Trust". p62〕 It wasn't until the time of the Roman Empire that the eastern Mediterranean, along with the entire Roman world, was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control.〔Madden, Thomas. "Empires of Trust". p64〕
==First Macedonian War (214 to 205 BC)==
(詳細はSecond Punic War, Philip V of Macedon allied himself with Hannibal.〔Matyszak, ''The Enemies of Rome'', p. 47〕〔Grant, ''The History of Rome'', p. 115〕 Fearing possible reinforcement of Hannibal by Macedon, Rome dispatched forces across the Adriatic. Roman legions (aided by allies from the Aetolian League and Pergamon after 211 BC) did little more than skirmish with Macedonian forces and seize minor territory along the Adriatic coastline in order to "combat piracy". Rome's interest was not in conquest, but in keeping Macedon busy while Rome was fighting Hannibal. The war ended indecisively in 205 BC with the Treaty of Phoenice. While a minor conflict, it opened the way for Roman military intervention in Macedon. This conflict, though fought between Rome and Macedon, was largely independent of the Roman-Macedon wars that followed (which began with the Second Macedonian War and were largely dependent on each other) in the next century.〔Eckstein, Arthur. "Rome Enters the Macedon East". p41〕
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